Master Clinical Nephrology with Expert-Crafted Scenarios

<p><b>Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)</b> is the most common inherited kidney disorder, frequently...

<p>A 16-year-old presenting with a pH of 7.05, bicarbonate of 6 mmol/L, and an anion gap of 33 mEq/L constitutes a medic...

<p><b>Intradialytic hypotension (IDH)</b> is a common and serious complication of hemodialysis, defined by a significant...

<p><b>Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Stage 5</b>, also known as End-Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD), is defined by a glomerula...

<p><b>Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)</b> is an oncologic emergency characterized by a massive release of intracellular conte...

<p><b>Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD)</b> is a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metaboli...

<p>An increase in serum creatinine often signifies acute kidney injury (AKI), and medications are a common and important...

<p><b>Finerenone</b> is a novel, selective, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) with potent anti-in...

<p><b>Post-transplant anuria</b>, especially in the immediate postoperative period after a period of initial function, i...

<p>A <b>renal biopsy</b> is a crucial diagnostic procedure in nephrology, providing definitive histological information...

<p><b>Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis (NAGMA)</b>, also known as hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, is characterized...

<p><b>The water treatment unit</b> is the most critical component of a hemodialysis facility, ensuring the production of...

<p>Counseling a potential living kidney donor, particularly a young person donating to a parent, requires a comprehensiv...

<p><b>Severe symptomatic hyponatremia</b> (serum sodium <125 mmol/L with neurological symptoms) is a medical emergency r...

<p><b>Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS)</b> is a rare but devastating complication of long-term peritoneal dialys...

<p><b>Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS)</b> is a form of functional acute kidney injury (AKI) that occurs in patients with adva...

<p><b>Oliguria in a kidney transplant recipient on day zero</b> is a common and critical clinical scenario that requires...

<p>The management of hyperkalemia has been revolutionized by the introduction of new potassium binders, specifically <b>...

<p>Certain medications can elevate serum creatinine (sCr) by competitively inhibiting its active tubular secretion, with...

<p>Living kidney donation is a generally safe procedure but carries both immediate perioperative risks and potential lon...

<p><b>Acute severe hyperkalemia</b> is a life-threatening electrolyte emergency, typically defined as a serum potassium...

<p><b>Chronic hyperkalemia</b> is defined as persistently elevated serum potassium levels, typically >5.0-5.5 mEq/L, oft...

<p><b>Ultrafiltration Failure (UFF)</b> in peritoneal dialysis (PD) is defined as the inability to achieve a net ultrafi...

<p>A patient on peritoneal dialysis (PD) for three months presenting with <b>fluid overload</b> requires urgent evaluati...

<p><b>Peritoneal dialysis (PD)</b> is a mode of renal replacement therapy that utilizes the peritoneum as a natural semi...

<p><b>Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) catheter malposition</b> is a common non-infectious complication where the catheter tip m...

<p><b>Hemoperitoneum</b> in peritoneal dialysis (PD) is characterized by the presence of blood in the dialysis effluent,...

<p><b>Recurrent peritonitis</b> in a peritoneal dialysis (PD) patient is a significant concern, increasing the risk for...

<p><b>Hemoperitoneum</b> in peritoneal dialysis (PD) is characterized by the presence of blood in the dialysis effluent,...

<p><b>Peritoneal dialysis (PD)</b> is a form of renal replacement therapy that uses the peritoneum as a natural semiperm...

<p><b>Volume overload</b> is a common and serious complication in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), associated with...

<p><b>Outflow failure</b> is a common complication in peritoneal dialysis (PD). After mechanical issues and constipation...

<p><b>Outflow failure</b> is a common complication in peritoneal dialysis (PD). After mechanical issues and constipation...

<p><b>Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis</b> is a common and serious complication of PD, characterized by i...

<p><b>Bloody peritoneal dialysis (PD) effluent</b>, or hemoperitoneum, is a relatively common but alarming finding in pa...

<p><b>Myocardial infarction (MI)</b> in patients on hemodialysis (HD) presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic ch...

<p><b>Polyuria</b> is defined as a urine output exceeding 3 liters per day in adults. The diagnostic approach is a syste...

<p><b>Hypernatremia</b> is defined as a serum sodium concentration >145 mmol/L. A serum sodium of 189 mmol/L represents...

<p><b>Hypernatremia</b>, defined as a serum sodium concentration >145 mmol/L, is a common electrolyte disorder in the in...

<p><b>Hypercalcemia</b> is a common metabolic emergency defined by an elevated serum calcium level. Management is dictat...

<p><b>Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)</b> describes a group of disorders characterized by a normal anion gap metabolic acid...

<p><b>Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)</b> describes a group of disorders characterized by a normal anion gap metabolic acid...

<p><b>Metabolic acidosis</b> is a primary acid-base disorder characterized by a decrease in serum bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), w...

<p><b>Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)</b> describes a group of disorders characterized by a normal anion gap metabolic acid...

<p><b>Ethanol intoxication</b> is a common clinical presentation resulting from the consumption of alcoholic beverages....

<p><b>Metabolic acidosis</b> is a primary acid-base disorder characterized by a decrease in serum bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), l...

<p><b>Severe hyperkalemia</b> (serum potassium >6.5 mEq/L) is a life-threatening medical emergency requiring immediate i...

<p><b>Gordon's syndrome</b>, also known as pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII), is a rare inherited disorder charact...

<p><b>Hyponatremia</b> (serum sodium <135 mmol/L) is the most common electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients. The...

<p><b>Euvolemic hyponatremia</b> is a decrease in serum sodium concentration (<135 mmol/L) in a patient with a normal to...

<p><b>Symptomatic hyponatremia</b> is a medical emergency characterized by a low serum sodium concentration accompanied...

<p><b>Hypokalemia</b> is defined as a serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mmol/L. It is a common electrolyte disturba...

<p>Hypokalemia in the setting of a normal blood pressure in a young patient strongly suggests a renal or gastrointestina...

<p>The combination of <b>hypokalemia and hypertension</b> strongly suggests secondary hypertension, often driven by mine...

<p><b>Liddle's syndrome</b> is a rare, autosomal dominant form of monogenic hypertension characterized by early and seve...

<p><b>Severe hypokalemia</b> (serum potassium <2.5 mmol/L) is a life-threatening electrolyte disturbance that can precip...

<p><b>Hypokalemia with metabolic alkalosis</b> is a combined electrolyte and acid-base disorder characterized by a low s...

<p><b>Dialysis adequacy</b> refers to how effectively waste products are removed from the blood during dialysis. The pri...

<p><b>Intradialytic hypertension (IDH)</b> is a paradoxical increase in blood pressure during or immediately after hemod...

<p><b>Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS)</b> is a rare but serious neurological complication of hemodialysis, most c...

<p><b>Myocardial infarction (MI) in hemodialysis (HD) patients</b> represents a significant diagnostic and therapeutic c...

<p><b>Hypertension</b> is present in over 80% of hemodialysis patients and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular mor...

<p><b>Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD)</b> is a systemic disorder characterized by abnormaliti...

<p><b>Dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA)</b> is a significant complication in patients on long-term hemodialysis, typica...

<p><b>Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)</b> is a slow, continuous form of dialysis used for hemodynamically un...

<p>Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) is a cornerstone of managing critically ill patients with acute kidney in...

<p><b>Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT)</b> is a universal complication of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), character...

<p><b>Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD)</b> is a systemic disorder characterized by abnormaliti...

<p><b>Hemodialysis (HD)</b> is a form of renal replacement therapy that removes waste products and excess fluid from the...

<p><b>Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)</b> and <b>Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis (SLED)</b> are two modali...

<p><b>Intradialytic abdominal pain</b> is a relatively common but challenging complication during hemodialysis. Although...

<p><b>Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure</b>, most commonly due to thrombosis or failure to mature, is a critical event...

<p><b>Ultrafiltration (UFF)</b> is the process used in dialysis to remove excess fluid from the blood. It operates on th...

<p><b>Anemia is a near-universal complication of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD)</b>, primarily driven by decreased eryt...

<p><b>Fever and rigors during hemodialysis</b> are common but potentially life-threatening complications that demand imm...

<p><b>Fever and rigors during hemodialysis</b> are common but potentially life-threatening complications that demand imm...

<p><b>Severe hyponatremia (Na+ &lt;120 mmol/L) in a hemodialysis patient</b> is a medical emergency requiring urgent eva...

<p><b>Intradialytic hypotension (IDH)</b> is a common and serious complication of hemodialysis, defined by KDOQI as a de...

<p><b>Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI)</b> is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis pat...

<p><b>Intradialytic hypotension (IDH)</b> is a common and serious complication of hemodialysis, associated with increase...

<p><b>Intradialytic hypotension (IDH)</b> is a common and serious complication of hemodialysis, defined by the Kidney Di...

<p><b>Intradialytic hypotension (IDH)</b> is a common and serious complication of hemodialysis, defined as a fall in sys...

<p><b>Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)</b> is a serious complication of solid organ or hematopoietic...

<p>Chronic diarrhea with weight loss in a renal transplant recipient, particularly 15 years post-transplant, is a seriou...

<p><b>Recurrent Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)</b> is a leading cause of graft loss in patients transplanted...

<p><b>Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD)</b> represents a spectrum of lymphoid proliferations that occur...

<p><b>Late renal transplant complications</b>, occurring more than one year post-transplantation, are a major cause of g...

<p>Long-term follow-up of renal transplant recipients, such as a patient 6 years post-transplant, focuses on maintaining...

<p><b>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection</b> is a major cause of morbidity in renal transplant recipients, often presenting...

<p><b>BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (BKVN)</b> is a significant cause of allograft dysfunction in kidney transp...

<p><b>BK polyomavirus (BKV)</b> is a ubiquitous human polyomavirus that typically remains latent in the genitourinary tr...

<p><b>BK polyomavirus (BKV)</b> is a common virus that can reactivate in kidney transplant recipients due to immunosuppr...

<p><b>Acute graft dysfunction</b> in a renal transplant recipient is a medical emergency. When a biopsy is contraindicat...

<p><b>Acute graft dysfunction</b> refers to a sudden deterioration in kidney allograft function, typically indicated by...

<p><b>Antibody-Mediated Rejection (AMR)</b> is a major cause of kidney allograft dysfunction, characterized by the prese...

<p><b>Acute T-cell mediated rejection (TCMR)</b>, also known as cellular rejection, is a host-versus-graft immune respon...

<p>A rise in serum creatinine in a renal transplant recipient, particularly after the first year, is a critical finding...

<p>A <b>urinary leak</b> is a serious early complication following renal transplantation, typically occurring within the...

<p><b>Immunosuppressive agents</b> are fundamental in nephrology for managing autoimmune kidney diseases and preventing...

<p><b>Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR)</b> is a major cause of kidney allograft dysfunction and loss, driven by donor-s...

Delayed graft function (DGF) is a form of acute kidney injury (AKI) that occurs in the immediate post-kidney transplant...

<p>Acute graft dysfunction, particularly a rise in creatinine, in a renal transplant recipient more than a year post-tra...

Preparation for kidney transplantation is a comprehensive, multidisciplinary process aimed at ensuring the potential rec...

A 35-year-old male presents with acute kidney injury (AKI) five days after a kidney transplant from a presumed commercia...

Liddle's syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that mimics hyperaldosteronism, presenting with early-on...

<p>Anemia is an early and common complication of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), primarily driven by <b>inadequate erythro...