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Master Clinical Nephrology with Expert-Crafted Scenarios
Dive deep into real-world nephrology cases with interactive scenarios designed by leading experts. Perfect your clinical reasoning and diagnostic skills to excel in consultant exams like SCFHS.
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Hypokalaemia With Normal-Anion-Gap Acidosis: RTA vs Diarrhoea
Hypokalemia with metabolic acidosis is a challenging clinical scenario that requires a systematic approach to uncover th...
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Approach to MPGN: how do you classify it and how do you treat it? Give me your algorithm
MPGN is a pattern of injury, not a disease. I classify it by immunofluorescence, not the old EM types I/II/III: Ig ± C3...
Approach to a kidney-transplant recipient with graft dysfunction: every timeframe, pre-renal, renal or post-renal, rejection or infection, step by step
Graft dysfunction = AKI in a single kidney on immunosuppression. Stabilise and dialyse if needed, then let time since tr...
Renal biopsy: indications, contraindications, complications, how you prepare the patient and how you manage a bleed
Bottom line (CCN 2023 ch 7, Fig 7.2 'Workup for Kidney Biopsy'): biopsy only when the result changes treatment or progno...
Which diseases recur after kidney transplantation, how often, and what do you do about it?
Bottom line: transplantation treats kidney failure but does not remove the cause. Recurrence means the same disease on n...
A peritoneal dialysis patient presents with bleeding at the catheter exit site: approach and management
Bottom line: Bleeding at the PD exit site is exit-site bleeding, not hemoperitoneum; establish timing (early post-op ooz...
Intradialytic hypotension on dialysis with abdominal pain and long-term complications of intradialytic hypotension
Bottom line: intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is defined as an absolute nadir SBP <90 mmHg (or SBP drop ≥20 mmHg) w...
SIADH: Diagnostic Criteria, Causes, Workup, and Treatment
Bottom line: The Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) is the predominant cause of euvolemic...
Commercial Transplant Abroad — Returning with Graft Dysfunction
A patient who bought a kidney abroad (commercial / unregulated transplant) arrives in the ER days to weeks later with a...
Renal artery stenosis: non-surgical treatment (medical therapy versus revascularisation)
Bottom line (ESC 2024 hypertension guideline): in atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis give medical therapy first: ACEI...
Approach to a patient with haematuria and normal kidney function — step by step as a nephrologist
Bottom line (UK Renal Association / BAUS algorithm): exclude UTI and transient causes, confirm non-visible haematuria on...
Incremental haemodialysis: what is it, who is a candidate, and how do you prescribe and monitor it?
Incremental HD = starting with less than thrice-weekly dialysis (usually twice weekly) because residual kidney function...
Treatment of lupus nephritis (and SLE) according to the 2025 guidelines: give me your algorithm
The 2025 message is upfront combination therapy: active class III/IV (± V) gets glucocorticoid pulses with a fast taper...